Qoraalkaan waxaan ku eegeyaa habka go\u2019aan qaadashada marka ay jiraan marxalado adag , waxaana tusaale u soo qaadaneyaa labo dhacdo ama go\u2019aano uu madaxweyne John F. kennedy qaatay, go\u2019aanada uu qaatay ayaa midna uu ku fashilmay midna uu ku guuleystay, labadaan dhacdo ama xaladood ayaa kala ah:<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d duulaankii ka dhanka ahaa madaxweynaha dalka Cuba oo ay dawladda Maraykanka ku taagertay mucaaradka ra\u2019iisul wasaare Fidel Castro April 1961, dhacdadaan oo madaxweyne Kennedy iyo kooxdiisa ay ku fashilmeyn.<\/p>\n
\u2022 The Cuban missile crisis\u201d Gantaalaha dawladda Russia ay dhigtay dalka Cuba Oktoobar 1962. dhacdadaan oo la oran karo madaxweyne Kennedy iyo kooxdiisa waa ay ku guuleysteen.<\/p>\n
waxaan si kooban ugu kuur-galeynaa habka go\u2019aan qaadashada madaxweyne Kennedy uu u adeegsaday labada xaaladood ee kor ku xusan, oo uu midna ku fashilmay, midna ku guuleystay, iyo sida uu guul-darada wax uga bartay ugana faa\u2019ideystay. Xiligii maamulka Eisenhower Hay\u2019adda Sirdoonka maraykanka ee loo yaqaan \u201cCIA\u201d ama \u201cCentral Intelligence Agency\u201d ayaa tababartay ciidan dalka Cuba ka soo baxsaday ee ku sugnaa dalka Guatemala, CIA ayaa isla markaana abaabushay in ciidankaa oo markaa ah Jabhad in ay ku taageerto afganbiga Xukumadda Fidel Castro. Qorshaha CIA-da ee ah duulaanka Afganbiga ay ku taageereyso jabhadda ayaa ah mid aan fulinteeda laga qeyb galin ciidamada Mareykanka.<\/p>\n Sida la ogyahay Ra\u2019iisul Wasaare Fidel Castro waxaa uu xukunka qabtay 1959-kii wuxuuna ahaa kaligii taliye ah \u201cCommunist\u201d xisbiga shuuciga ama ku shaqeynayey siyaasada hanti-wadaagga, arintaa ayaa waxay walaac weyn ku abuurtay Mareykanka, waxaana qaasatan dawladda Maraykanka welwel galiyey xiriirka ay dawladda Russia (oo marka ahayd Midowga soofiyeed) la leedahay Dawladda Cuba oo aan ka fogeyn xeebaha dalka Maraykankan.<\/p>\n Caleemo-saarkiisii madaxweyne John Kennedy wuxuu dhacay 20-ka bisha January, 1961, Sideed maalmood ka dib Hay\u2019adda Sirdoonka, CIA, ayaa u soo bandhigtay madaxweynaha cusub ee Mareykanka Kennedy qorshaha ay ka damacsanyihiin in CIA-da ay ku taageeraan duulaanka jabhada mucaaradka Cuba ay ku afganbinayso Xukumada Ra\u2019iisul Wasaare Fidel Castro ee dalka Cuba.<\/p>\n Sida laga soo xigtay Arthur Schlesinger oo ah taariikhyahan mudo dheer ku xeel dheeraa aqoonta \u201cPresidential Historian\u201d ama aqoonta wax ka qorida Taarikhaha Madaxweynayaasha, isla markaana Schlesinger waxaa uu ahaa xubin ka mid ah maamulka madaxweyne Kennedy wuxuuna hayey xilka Lataliyaha ahna Kaaliyaha gaarka ah ee Madaxweyne Kennedy wuxuuna u qeybsanaa Arrimaha Laatiin Amerika iyo sidoo kale qorida qudbooyinka Madaxweynaha, wuxuuna maamulka Madaxweyne John Kennedy ka tirsana intii ay jirtay oo idil 1961 ilaa iyo 1963. Schlesinger waxaa u ka qeyb galay dhammaan shirarkii ku saabsanaa go\u2019aankii \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d duulaankii Maraykanka ku taagertay jabhada mucaaradka ku ah Ra\u2019iisul Wasaare Fidel Castro.<\/p>\n Markaa, Schlesinger, wuxuu qayb ka ahaa maamulkii Kennedy, wuxuu qoray buug aad u caan ah oo la dhaho \u201cA Thousand Days\u201d oo marka la tarjumo ay la macno tahay \u201cKunkii malmood\u201d, isagoo buuga ugu magac daray 1,000 maalmood oo uu John Kennedy ahaa madaxweynaha Mareykanka, ilaa iyo kennedy dilkiisa 1963.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu buugiisa ku xusay in marka hore ay CIA-du u soo bandhigeen Madaxweyne Kennedy qorshaha ay doonayaan in dawladda Maraykanka ay ku taageeraan duulaankii jabhada mucaarad ku ah Ra\u2019iisul Wasaare Fidel Castro oo ay rabeen madaxweyne Kennedy in uu taageero.<\/p>\n Madaxweynuhu si fiican uguma qancin waana uu ka welwelay qorshahaa ay CIA-du wadatey sababta oo ah, wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne cusub, wuxuu ahaa nin aad u da \u2018yar isla markaana aan khibrad u laheyn siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda, wuxuuna ka codsaday wasaarada gaashaandhiga in ay qorshaha CIA-da talo ka soo siiso.<\/p>\n Wasaaradda Gaashaandhiga waxaa ay ku amartay \u201cThe Joint Chiefs of Staffs\u201d Guddiga Wadajirka Taliyayaasha Maraykan, in ay ka jawaabaan talo soo jeedinti u dalbaday madaxweyne Kennedy. Guddiga Wadajirka Taliyayaasha Maraykan oo ah Guddi ka kooban dhammaan hogaamiyasha laamaha Militariga Mareykanka ayaa Guddiga codsigii madaxweynaha waxay uga soo jawabeen talo bixin kooban: Guddiga waxa ay sheegeen in qorshaha CIA-da shaqeyn karto haddii isbadal lagu sameeyo. Guddiga waxaa ay yiraahdeen Qorshaha CIA-da sida ay hadda ku qeexan tahay kuma shaqeyn karto.<\/p>\n Guddiga Wadajirka Taliyayaasha waxay soo jediyeen labo arrimood midkood in loo baahanyahay. arrinta koowaad waa in ay jirto kacdoon shacab oo xoog badan oo tageero xoog leh u hayo jabhada mucaaradka oo si buuxdo u taageeri karo. midda labaad waa haddii aysan kacdoon xoog leh jirin, Guddiga waxaa ay ku taliyeen in ciidanka Maraykan oo lugta ah lagu lamaaniya jabhada dagaalka galayso si ay ugu guuleystaan dagaalka ama in jabhada lagu taageero xagga cirka in diyaaradaha ciidanka Maraykanka ay duqeeyaan ciidanka dawladda Cuba ee dagaalka la galeyso jabhadda si ay jabhadu u guuleysato afganbiyaan dawladda Cuba.<\/p>\n Horraantii bisha Maarso 1961-dii , Madaxweyne Kennedy waxaa la kulmay madaxda CIA-da ayaga oo cadaadis xooggan ku saaray in u go\u2019aan deg-deg ah qaato fulinta qorshaha haddii uu doonayo in qorshuhu hirgalo waxayna sheegeen in xaaladdu tahay ama hadda in la fuliyo ama aan waligeed la fulin xaalad ah \u201cnow or never\u201d<\/p>\n Waxay sheegeen CIA-da in ay inbadan tababar siinayeen jabhada, waxayna sheegeen in ay hadda tahay fursada kaliya oo la fulin karo duulaanka, waxayna sheegeen CIA-du in sababaha hadda cadaadiska ku qasbay ay tahay saddex sababood. Sidaa daradeed loo baahan yahay in madaxweyne Kennedy go\u2019aan ka garo fulinta qorshaha, sadexdaa sababood oo kala ah:<\/p>\n 1. Dawlada Guatemala waxay doonaysaa in jabhada mucaaradka Cuba oo ay CIA-da ku tababarayso dalka Guatemala in ay joojiyaan tababarka.<\/p>\n 2. Castro waxaa la filayay inuu markaa helo diyaarado casri ah oo ay ugu deeqday dawladda Ruushka (oo marka ahayd Midowga Soofiyeed), lana fiilayey in ay soo gaarto bisha Juun 1961-da, taa oo caqabad ku noqon lahayd in qorsha duulaanka afganbiga uu hirgalo<\/p>\n 3. Waxay kaloo CIA-du sheegeen in xilli roobaadka ay bilaaban rabeen wakhtigaa , taa oo adkeynayso in qorsha duulaanka afganbiga uu hirgalo.<\/p>\n 11-ka Bishii Maarso 1961-kii, Madaxweyne Kennedy wuxuu shir isugu yeeray golihiisa wasiirada. Waxaa shirka ka soo qeyb galay Allen Dulles iyo Richard Bissell, Jr. oo labaduba ah saraakiil CIA oo khibrad leh isla markaana aad loo qadariyo, waxaa mudan in la xuso labada sarkaal ee CIA-da Dullas iyo Bissell ma aysan ahayn shaqsiyaad uu Kennedy magacaabey waxay ahaayeen rag muddo dheer la shaqeynayey maamuladii dawladeed ee ka horeeyey madaxweyne Kennedy.<\/p>\n labada sarkaal ee CIA-da Dullas iyo Bissell waxay aad ugu doodeen in qorshaha duulaanka la hirgeliyo, Dullas iyo Bissell waxay warbixin siinayeen ama u soo bandhigeen qorshahooda gole wasiiro oo ay ayagu aad uga khibrad badanyihiin. Dhammaan xubnaha golaha wasiiradda ayaa ahaa kuwa ku cusub shaqada isla markaana aan khibrad badan u lahayn dowladda federaalka, halka ay Dulles iyo Bissell khibrad aad u fog ugu lahaayeen dawladda federaalka Maraykanka iyo la-shaqeynta golaha wasiiradda, sida laga soo xigtay Schlesinger.<\/p>\n Schlesinger, waxaa uu sheegay , in soo jeedinta Dulles iyo Bissell ay ahayd mid ay ayagu muddo dheer si shaqsi ahaan ay ugu howlanaayeen, isla markaana ay ahayd arrin ay hay\u2019addoodu dano culus ka lahayd fulinta qorshaha, Schlesinger waxaa kale oo laga soo xigtay in uu u arkey Dulles iyo Bissell in aysan ahayn khubarro arrintaan ka ahaa \u201canalyst\u201d ma aysan u muuqan in ay ahayeen kuwa si khibrad leh oo dhexdhexaad ah u falanqeynaayo qorshaha CIA-da oo ay u soo bandhigeen Golaha Wasiiradda lakiin ay u muqatey in ay ahayeen \u201cadvocates\u201d kuwa u doodayo isla markaana difaacayo qorshaha CIA-da.<\/p>\n Dulles iyo Bissell waxay diyaar u ahaayeen in wax laga beddelo qorshaha laakiin waxaa ay aad u doonayeen in ay qorshuhu fulo inta ay jirto \u201cmomentum\u201d xiisad ku aadan arrintan, waxay isla markaana cadaadis ku saareen Golaha Wasiirada sidii qorshahan si dardar ah loogu hergelin lahaa.<\/p>\n Schlesinger waxaa kale oo laga soo xigtay in aragtidiisa qorshaha CIA-da ee aas\u2019aaska taageridda jabhadda mucaaradka ay markii hore ahayd \u201coption\u201d mid ka mid aha qorshayaasha loo adeegsan karo in loo isticmaalo Cuba, laakiin soo bandhigidii Dulles iyo Bissell ay u soo bandhigeen golaha wasiiradda ay ka dhigeen qorsha aan marnaba laga maarmi karin in la fuliyo.<\/p>\n Madaxweyne Kennedy qorshaha ma wada aqbalin waxaa uu lataliyayaashiisa faray in ay qorshaha dib u eegaan oo ay isku dayaan in ay yareyaan halista siyaasadeed ee qorshaha. Schlesinger waxaa uu sheegay intii ay socdeen shirarka arrimahaan looga hadlayay, inta badan ka qeybgalayaasha shirka waxaa ay qabeen in ay kacdoonka shacabka ay muhiim u tahay hirgelinta qorshaha, taas oo ah haddii aysan jirin kacdoon shacab in lagu guul dareysanayo qorshaha. arrintaan oo la mid ah talooyinkii Madaxweyne Kennedy ay u soo gudbiyeen \u201cThe Joint Chiefs of Staffs\u201d Guddiga Wadajirka Taliyayaasha Maraykanka, laakiin Dulles, oo ka tirsan CIA-da, ayaa ku dooday in kumanaan kun oo qof ay ka tirsanayeen ururrada mucaraadka Cuba uuna hubo in ay si firfircoon u taageeri doonaan afganbiga iyo duulaanka ay soo qaadanayaan Jabhada mucaaradka.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu sheegay in dhammaan shirarkaan lagu qabtey aqalka cad \u201cWhitehouse\u201dka ay ahayeen kuwa loo abaabulay si qarsoodi ah tusaale ahaan sidaa daradeed dad aad u tiro yar ayaa ku hawlanaa arrimahaan. xitaa Agaasime ku-xigeenka Sirdoonka lama ogeysiinin arrimaha shirkaan la xiriira oo idil. Sidoo kale Tom Mann oo ahaa sarkaal ka tirsan wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee Maraykanka ah shaqsiga u xilsaaran arrimaha Cuba isla markaana ah khabiir ku ah Siyaasada gudaha ee Cuba ma lagala tashan hawsha iyo go\u2019aamada la soo bandhigay ee socday waxnana lagalama soccodsiin.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu sheegay isla dadkii soo bandhigay qorshaha Dulles iyo Bissell ayaa waxay u muuqatey in ay ayagu noqdeen kuwa qiimeynayey tayada qorshaha. si aysan sirta qorshaha banaanka ugu bixin waxaa la yareeyay dadka ka soo qeybgalaayo shirka iyo kuwa lagu wargeliyey shirka, nasiib daro xitaa xubnaha jabhadii mucaaradka ah oo la rabay in ay fuliso qorshahaan laguma casumin shirarka joogtada uga dhacayey Aqalka cad \u201cWhitehouse\u201dka ee ku saabsan qorshaha xitaa laguma wargelin shirka marnaba lagalama tashan qorshaha.<\/p>\n Xubnaha jabhadda mucaaradka ayaa ah dadka aad uga warqabo xaalada siyaasadda Cuba: dalka, dadka iyo dhulka ay tahay in ay qorshaha ka hirgeliyaan , ayaga ayaa cabiri karo ilaa iyo xad qiyamka qorshaha, xubnaha jabhada ayaa ah kuwa muda dheer u tababaranayey in ay afganbiga fuliyaan, laakiin si sirta in ay baxsato loo ilaaliyo marnaba laguma casumin shirarka ka dhacayo \u201cWhite House\u201d aqal cad, shiraarka oo ah kuwa lagu falanqeynayo qorshaha CIA-da ee afganbiga.<\/p>\n Dabayaaqadii bisha Maarso, Madaxweyne Kennedy iyo Golihiisa wasiirada waxaa ay bilaabeen in ay isbuucii seddex ama afar mar ay kulmaan si ay u dardargeliyaan wadatashiga ku aadan fulinta qorshaha CIA-da ee lagu taagerayo mucaradka Cuba si ay u afgambiyaan Ra\u2019isul Wasaare Fidel Castro.<\/p>\n Madaxweyne Kennedy weli shaki weyn ayuu ka qabay in ay qorshaha CIA-du tahay mid hirgeli karto oo natiijada laga rabay ku guuleysan karto. waxaa sidoo kale soo muuqday dulduleelo ka jiro qorshaha oo shakiga xoojiyey. laakiin Dulles iyo Bissell oo ka socda CIA-da Waxay ku doodeen in xitaa haddii uu qorshuhu fashilmo, aysan dawladda Mareykanka dhibaato weyn ka soo gareynin, sidoo kale Dulles iyo Bissell waxaa ay sii laba-jibaareen dadaalkoodii ay ku difacayeen in qorshaha in uu hirgalo. Schlesinger wuxuu sheegay in u dareemay in xubno badan oo golaha wasiirada ay qabeen kolkaa in aysan runti dhibaato badan aysan kaga imaan Karin hadii uu qorshaha fashilmo, mar hadii aysan ciidanka Maraykanka qayb ka ahayn dagaalka ay mucaaradka dalka Cuba ay wax ku afganbinayaan.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu sheegay in marka u hadda dib uu fiiriyo ay u muuqatey in dhammaan xubnaha shirka ka soo qeyb galay aysan culeys iskaga saarin qasaaraha ka imaan karo haddii ay qorshaha fashilmo, xubnaha shirka si joogta ah uga soo qeybgalayey si fiican uma gorfeeyaan qorshaha lasoo hordhigay iyo cawaaqiibta ka dhalan karto, wuxuu sheegay Schlesinger in ay jirtay \u201cerosion of accountability\u201d macnaheedu tahay in xubnaha inta badan ay yareysteen masuuliyadda ka saarneyd in ay qorshaha si hufan u gorfeyaan ulana xisaabtamaan kuwa qorshaha curiyey.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu yiri markaan dib u milicsado wax yaabaha aan aad u la yaabo ee ku jiray doodda CIA-da waxaa ka mid ahaa dooddii uu soo bandhigay Dulles oo ka socday CIA-da oo uu ku doodayay xitaa haddii uu inqilaabka dhicisoobo in aysan wax dhib ah jirin , oo ay mucaaradka buuraha Dalka Cuba ku milmidoonaan oo ku dhuuman karaan. waxaa nasiibdaro ah in uu Dullas xusin in buuraha u sheegaayo ay xeebta \u201cBay of Pigs\u201d oo ah halka ay mucaaradka kasoo dagayaan ay u jiraan 80 mayl. Hadaba kolkaas waxaa cadaatey in shirka ka dhacaya \u201cwhite house\u201d ee ahaa in lagu gorfeeyo qorshaha CIA-da wadatey, in wixii marka ka danbeeyey ay muuqatey CIA-da in ay ayagu maamulayeen shirarka qorshaha afganbiga, ayaguna ay ahayeen cida dajinayso ajandaha shirka isla markaana inta badan go\u2019aaminayey waxa ka soo baxa shirka, iyo wadahadalka ku aadanaa qorshaha ay ahayd in ay gorfeeyaan golaha wasiirada. xitaa Guddiga Wadajirka Taliyayaasha Maraykan \u201cThe Joint Chiefs of Staffs\u201d oo xubin ka ahaa shirarka isdaba jooga ah ee lagu gorfeynaayo Qorshaha CIA-da , oo ay horey ugu sheegeen madaxweynaha in ay la qumantahay, in la soo jeediyo in isbadal lagu sameeyo qorshaha, marna kama hor imaan qorshaha aragtidoodana kama soo jeedin shirka, weli waxaa la oran karaa in aysan marna inta ay shirarka socdeen aysan dhalilin qorshaha CIA-da.<\/p>\n Mar waxaa jirtay uu shirka ka maqnaa wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Maraykanka Dean Rusk waxaa uu ku maqnaa safar shaqo, waxaa uu shirka u soo wakiishay wasiir ku xigeen arrimaha Dibadda Chester Bowles. Bowles oo aan qorshaha horey uga warqabin ayaa marka uu shirka ka qeybgalay aad uga argagaxay qorshaha, aad ayuuna uga soo horjeeday qorshahan ay CIA-da soo bandhigtay. laakiin inta uu shirka socday kama uusan hadlin, mana ogeysiin dadka shirka joogo in ay qorshuhu aragtidiisa ay aad u qaldantahay. Bowles kolka uu xafiiskiis ku noqday qoraal shaqo \u201cmemo\u201d ayuu u qoray wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Dean Rusk oo uu ku qodobeeyey sababaha ay ku qaldantahay qorshaha CIA-da ee afganbiga Fidel Castro. nasiib daro qoraalkaas wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Dean Rusk marna lama socodsiin madaxweyne Kennedy.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu buugiisa ku qoray in uu isaga xitaa walaac weyn ka qabey qorshaha, laakiin uu san ka xusin kulamada asaga oo ka cabsadey in uu shirka ka aragti duwaanaado madaxda kale oo ka sareysa. Marka waxaa muuqato in Bowles iyo Schlesinger, labaduba ay qorshaha ka qabeen walaac aad u weyn, labadubana aysan kor u hadlin, inta lagu guda jiray shirarka looga xaajoonayo qorshaha.<\/p>\n 4-tii bisha April 1961 markii u Madaxweyne Kennedy waayey lataliyo ama wasiir ama taliya ciidan oo ka horyimaado qorshaha ay soo gudbiyeen CIA-da, Madaxweyne Kennedy wuxuu ansixiyey in qorshaha CIA-da la fuliyo, Kennedy oo markaa mudan in la xuso in uu xilka madaxweyne hayo mudo laba bilood iyo maalmo ah.<\/p>\n Schlesinger wuxuu sheegay haddii uu jiri lahaa hal la-taliye oo ka soo horjeedo qorshaha oo shirka una sheega madaxweyne Kennedy, Schlesinger wuxuu yiri waan hubaa in uu madaxweyne uusan ansixin lahayn qorshaha.<\/p>\n GO\u2019AANKA MARKA LA FULIYEY \u201cBAY OF PIGS INVASION\u201d DUULAANKI MARAYKANKA KU TAAGEERTAY JABHAD MUCAARAD KU AH RW FIDEL CASTRO, SIDEE BAY WAX U DHECEEN?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Abriil 17-20, 1961: waxaa la qaadey duulaankii u fasaxay Madaxweyne Kennedy kaa oo ah \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d duulaankii Maraykanka ku taagertay jabhad mucaarad ku ahaa Ra\u2019iisul Wasaare Fidel Castro. 1400 oo ciidanka mucaaradka ah ayaa ka dagay xeebaha galbeedka dalka Cuba, xeebta loo yaqaan Bahia de Cochinos oo af ingiriiska lagu dhaho (Bay of Pigs) ee gobolka Las Villas ee dalka Cuba. iyadoo aan mucaaradka wax taageero ah laga siin xaga ciidanka cirka isla markaana ay mucaaradkii ku guuleysan waayeen in shacabka Cuba ay taageero ka helaan ayaa waxaa ay keentay in duulaankii uu fashilmo. 19-kii bisha April dhammaan mucaaradkii duulaanka soo qaadey waxaa ka adkaadey ciidamadii Castro.<\/p>\n Abriil 21, 1961: Shir jaraa\u2019id, ayuu qabtey madaxweyne Kennedy wuxuu aqbalay mas\u2019uuliyad buuxdana qaatay in qorshihii duulanka dhicisoobay ee (Bay of Pigs) uu isaga lahaa masuuliyadeeda wuxuuna yiri , Aniga ayaa ka masuul ah Dowladda. \u201cI am the responsible officer of the government.\u201d<\/p>\n December 24, 1962: Dawlada Cuba waxaa ay siidaysay 1,173 maxbuus oo ah xubnihii jabhada mucaaradka ee soo qaaday duulaankii (Bay of Pigs) ee Cuba ayaa dib ugu soo laabtay Mareykanka. Dawladda maraykanka ayaa oggolaatay bixinta madaxfurasho dhan $ 55.5 milyan oo raashin iyo agab caafimaad ah, deeqda agabka cafimaadka iyo Raashinka waxaa bixiyey dhamaantooda shirkado Mareykan ah oo ka jawaabay codsiyo uga yimid shacabka Maraykanka si ay u madaxfurtaan maxabuusta mucaaradka ee Cuba ku xiran. 1)Natiijada waxaa ay curisay in Ra\u2019isul Wasaare Fidel Castro uu awoodiisa si haysto, isla markaana ay korodhay taageerada uu shacabka reer Cuba ka haystay, waxaa la oran karaa Ra\u2019isul Wasaare Fidel Castro afganbigii fashilmay wuxuu ka helay sumcad iyo tixgelin fara badan gudaha dalkiisa iyo dibaddaba.<\/p>\n 2)Duullaankii fashilmay ee \u201cBay of Pigs\u201d ee Maraykanka ku taagery mucaardka Cub: wuxuu aad u dhaawacay sumcaddii Mareykanka ee dunida ku lahaa.<\/p>\n 3)Gaar ahaan, wuxuu duulanka fashilmay wuxuu dhaawacay xiriirkii ka dhexeeyey Maraykanka iyo Russia oo marka ahaa Midowga Sofiyeeti . oo kolkaa lagu jiray waqtigiii ay aad u kacsaneyd dagaalkii qabobaa \u201cCold war\u201d<\/p>\n 4)Khubarada qaar ka mid ah waxaa ay yiraahdaan Duullaanka fashilmay waxaa uu curiyey in sanadka xigay ee 1962 ay Ruushka (oo marka ahayd Midowga Sofiyeed) ay gacan ka geysteytaan in gantaalo nukliyeer ay geyso Cuba arintaa oo curisay The Cuban missile crisis\u201d Gantaalaha dawladda Russia ay dhigtay dalka Cuba Oktoobar 1962. (dhacdadaan iyo habkii ay Madaxweyne Kennedy iyo kooxdiisa go\u2019aanka ay u qaateen lagu falaanqeyn doono Qeybta 2-aad ee qoraakaa, Go\u2019aan qadashadaas oo la oran karo Madaxweyne Kennedy iyo kooxdiisa waa ay ku guuleysteen.)<\/p>\n FALANQEYN : MAXAA KA QALDANAA HABKII AY GO\u2019AANKA DUULLAANKA AY U QAATEEN MADAXWEYNE KENNEDY IYO KOOXDIISA?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Irving Janis waxaa uu ahaa aqoonyahan wax ka dhigi jiray Jaamacadda \u201cYale University\u201d ee dalka Maraykanka, Janis wuxuu ahaa \u201cSocial Psychologist\u201d aqoonyahaan kuu xeel dheer Cilmi-nafsiga Bulshada, wuxuuna jaamacadda ka ahaa cilmi-baare iyo macalin jaamacadeed , Janis waxaa uu sameeyay daraasado taxane ah oo aad u xiiso badan intii u dhaxaysay 1950-kii ilaa iyo 1970-kii. Dhammaan darasadahaas wixii ka soo baxay waxaa uu ku soo koobay buug uu qoray lana daabacay 1972 buuga uu ugu magac daray \u201cVictims of Groupthink\u201d oo loogu magac daray Dhibbanayaashii \u201cGoupthink\u201d. Goupthink waa eray bixin uu Janis qudhiisa sameeyey.<\/p>\n Janis wuxuu daraasad ka sameeyey \u201cForeign Policy Decisions\u201d go\u2019aanada Siyaasada Arrimaha Dibadda oo ay ka mid tahay Go\u2019aanka Madaxweyne Kennedy ee fashilmay ee ahaa \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d Duullaankii Maraykanka ku taagertay Jabhad mucaarad Cuba. Sidoo kale waxaa uu daarasad ka sameeyey sababta ay dawladda Maraykanka u garan waayeen in ay ku soo socoto weeraradii ciidanka Jabaniiska ku soo qaadeen Pearl Harbor saldhig ciidamada badda Mareykanka. Waxaa kale oo ka mid ah go\u2019aanda siyaasadda Arrimaha dibada uu darasaadka ka sameeyey Janis \u201cThe Cuban missile crisis\u201d Gantaalaha dawladda Russia ay dhigtay dalka Cuba Oktoobar 1962. Dhacdadaan oo uu ku tilmaamay mid habka go\u2019aan qaadashada Kennedy ay ahayd mid guul u soo jiiday (qeyb 2-aad ee qoraalkan ayaan ku falanqeyneynaa Janis ee dhacdadaan)<\/p>\n Si aan u taxlilino go\u2019aanka waxa ka qaldan marka horey waa in aan macneynaa waa maxay Groupthink ? hadii la soo kobo Groupthink waa dhaqan caqabad ku ah, in ay xubno isku-koox ah ay soo bandhigaan, aragtiyo kala duwan, ayaga oo u cabsanayo xubinimadooda kooxda.<\/p>\n Groupthink waxaa kale oo ay caqabad ku tahay in koox isku dan ah ay qorshihii loo keeno ay si hufan u gorfeeyaan si aynaan fulinta qorshahaas ugu fashilmin.<\/p>\n Hadaba si kooban uga hadlayaa qaar ka mid Janis khaladaadka aasaasiga ah ee ee Groupthink lagu macneyn karo ee ka muuqday go\u2019aan qadashada madaxweyne Kennedy iyo kooxdiisa<\/p>\n \u2022 \u201cFailure to consider alternatives\u201d Ka gaabinta tixgelinta qorshooyin kale iyo dhiirigelinta in la badiyo qorshooyinka miiska la keenayo, laakiin nasiib daro CIA-da hal qorsha ayeey keentay qorsha kale oo lala barbardhigo lama keenin taa waxay xadiday fursadaha lagu heli karo in go\u2019aan laga gaaro qorshaha ugu fiican, si aan loogu qasbanaanin in hal qorshe kaliya la tixgeliyo.<\/p>\n \u2022 \u201cPeople who implement the decision not Involved in the decision process\u201d madaxdii jabhadda ee fulinaysay qorshaha oo aan lagu casumin in ay qeyb ka noqdaan geedi socodka, gorfeynta iyo ka doodidda go\u2019aanka habka qorshaha la doonayo in loo fuliyo.<\/p>\n \u2022 \u201cFailure to test assumptions\u201d Ku guuldareysiga in la gorfeeyo tusaaloyinka ay soo gudbiyeen kuwa u doodayey qorshaha sida tii ahayd in jabhadda hadlii laga adkaado ay ku milmayaan ama ku dhumanayaan buuraha Cuba, arinta in la imtixaano ayeey ahayd sababta oo ah buuraha Ay CIA-du sheegayeen waxaa ay xeebta \u201cBay of pigs\u201d oo ah halka ay mucaaradka ka so dagayaan ay u jiraan 80 mayl, qodobada nuucan ah ama \u201cassumptions\u201dkaan in si waafi ah looga dooddo ayeey ahayd<\/p>\n Filo qaybta kale<\/p>\n Waxa qoray, Cawaale Cali Kullane<\/strong><\/p>\n Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Shiinaha<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Qoraalkaan waxaan ku eegeyaa habka go\u2019aan qaadashada marka ay jiraan marxalado adag , waxaana tusaale u soo qaadaneyaa labo dhacdo ama go\u2019aano uu madaxweyne John F. kennedy qaatay, go\u2019aanada uu qaatay ayaa midna uu ku fashilmay midna uu ku guuleystay, labadaan dhacdo ama xaladood ayaa kala ah: \u2022 \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d duulaankii ka dhanka […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":418960,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-418959","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-maqaallada"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/418959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=418959"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/418959\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":418961,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/418959\/revisions\/418961"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/418960"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=418959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=418959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sonna.so\/so\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=418959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nGO\u2019AAN QAADASHADA MADAXWEYNE KENNEDY EE \u201cBAY OF PIGS INVASION\u201d DUULAANKII MARAYKANKA KU TAAGERTAY JABHAD MUCAARAD KU AH RA\u2019IISUL WASAARE FIDEL CASTRO APRIL 1961<\/strong><\/em>
\nQorshaha in la tageero jabhada waxay ku bilaabatay, maamulka Eisenhower. Dwight Eisenhower wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Mareykanka ka horeeyey John Kennedy. Eisenhower wuxuu madaxweyne ahaa 8 sano, wuxuuna Kennedy u baneeyey Aqalka Cad \u201cWhite House\u201d oo ah deegaanka madaxweynaha Maraykanka bishii Janaayo ee 1961.<\/p>\n
\nNATIIJADA GO\u2019AANKA MADAXWEYNE KENNEDY EE FASHILMAY EE AHAA \u201cBAY OF PIGS INVASION\u201d DUULLANKII MARAYKANKA KU TAAGERTAY JABHAD MUCAARAD CUBA, MAXAY CURISAY?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n